Intranet Tools

nb. next round of REF2013 will NOT be using data from eprints.ecs, but the central university REF interface.

RSS 1.0 Feed
RSS 2.0 Feed
Atom Feed
 

A Virtual University Infrastructure For Orthopaedic Surgical Training With Integrated Simulation

Grange, S. (2006) A Virtual University Infrastructure For Orthopaedic Surgical Training With Integrated Simulation. PhD thesis, University of Exeter, United Kingdom.

Download

[img]
Preview
PDF
6Mb

Abstract

This thesis pivots around the fulcrum of surgical, educational and technological factors. Whilst there is no single conclusion drawn, it is a multidisciplinary thesis exploring the juxtaposition of different academic domains that have a significant influence upon each other. The relationship centres on the engineering and computer science factors in learning technologies for surgery. Following a brief introduction to previous efforts developing surgical simulation, this thesis considers education and learning in orthopaedics, the design and building of a simulator for shoulder surgery. The thesis considers the assessment of such tools and embedding into a virtual learning environment. It explains how the performed experiments clarified issues and their actual significance. This leads to discussion of the work and conclusions are drawn regarding the progress of integration of distributed simulation within the healthcare environment, suggesting how future work can proceed.

Item Type:Thesis
Creator/Authors:
Simon Grange
Keywords:AH Adaptive Hypermedia AIPES Autonomy, Interactivity, Presence, Environment & Scenario ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode CME Continuing Medical Education DRJ Dynamic Review Journal DTD Document Type Definition ILA Individual Learning Agreement IMS Information Management System MAS Minimal Access Surgery MIS Minimally Invasive Surgery SOA Service Oriented Architecture VE Virtual Environment
Additional Information:The thesis refers tot he Virtual Orthopaedic European University Project in which ECS was a partner
Research Group:Old ECS Groups > Intelligence, Agents, Multimedia
Current ECS Groups > Electronic and Software Systems
Old ECS Groups > Learning Societies Lab
ISSN:To be confirmed
Date:April 2006
Information about this record:
Downloads (2010):299
ID Code:12559
Last Modified:23 Sep 2011 10:33
Deposited On:11 May 2006 by Grange, Simon

Tools & Metadata

Download Statistics

Last month

Last year

Members of ECS may view the download statistics dashboard for this record.

References in Article

Select the SEEK icon to attempt to find the referenced article. If it does not appear to be in this archive you will be forwarded to the paracite service. Poorly formated references will probably not work.

(1) Osler W. The Principles and Practice of Medicine, 4 ed. Bayliss, Toronto, Canada 1999.

(2) Medical Protection Society. Can the Society Help Me Avoid the Possible Pitfalls of Practice. The Medical Protection Society Review, 6-7. 1998.

(3) Department of Health. A First Class Service: Quality in the New NHS. DOH; 1998. Report No: 98.

(4) Donabedian A. Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care. Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 4, 166-206. 1966.

(5) Edinburgh College Logbook Service. http://www.elogbook.org/ 17-2-2006.

(6) Sue Jackson SH. Improving organisational culture through innovative development programmes. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 12[4], 143-148. 1-7-1999.

(7) European Computer Driving Licence www.ecdl.co.uk 17-2-0006.

(8) Gross M, Innovations in surgery. A proposal for phased clinical trials

J Bone Joint Surg Br, May 1993; 75-B: 351 - 354.

(9) Jeppesen Instrument Pilot Manual. 1, JS314520, New York: Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc; 1999.

(10) Stotter A et al. Simulation in Surgical Training Using Freeze-dried Material. British Journal of Surgery 73, 52-54. 1986.

(11) Bevan PG. The Anastamosis Workshop. Royal College of Surgeons of England 63, 405-410. 1981.

(12) Reznick R. Object to Fine Skills Assessment: Bench Model Solutions. London: Royal College of Surgeons of England; 1999.

(13) Martin J et al. Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) for Surgical Residence. British Journal of Surgery 84, 273 -278. 1997.

(14) González M.A.Ballester AZ. Measurement of Brain Structures based on Statistical and Geometrical 3D Segmentation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science; Springer Verlag; 1998.

(15) Tony Trowbridge RH. Virtual Arthroscopic Knee Surgery Simulator. Robin Hollands 1996 January 1 Available from: URL: http://www.shef.ac.uk/uni/projects/vrmbg/arthro 1 .html

(16) McCloy R, Stone R. Science, medicine, and the future: Virtual reality in surgery. BMJ 2001 Oct 20;323 (7318):912-5.

(17) McCloy R. WM. A new method for laparoscopic surgery training. BJHC&IM 13[10], 29. 1996.

(18) Darzi A., Smith S., Taffinder N. Assessing Surgical Skill. BMJ [7188], 887-888. 1999.

(19) Darzi A. Future surgical robotic systems. RCS Fellows, RCS England 2003.

(20) Satava R M. The King is Dead. Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Health Care. Washington DC: IOS Press; 1995. p. 334-9.

(21) Medmark. 2004. http://www.shoulder.com/home.html

(22) Adam JA. Medical Electronics. IEE Spectrum 1994; 31(1):70-3.

(23) DiGioia AM et al. Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery in Orthopaedics: An Integrated Approach. 88-90. 1995. Washington DC, IOS Press. Interactive Technology and the New Paradign for Health Care.

(24) Megland R. Making Surgical Simulation Real. Computer Graphics [November], 37-39. 1996.

(25) Human Interface Technology Laboratory. Medicine and Virtual Reality, A Guide to the Literature. University of Washington State. 2001.

http://www.hitl.washington.edu/proj ects/knowledgebase/medvr/medvr.html.

(26) Yasushi Yamauchi. Internet resources of computer aided surgery. 2001. http://www.aist.go.jp/NIBH/~b0673/englishcas.html.

(27) Westwood JD et al. Medicine Meets Virtual Reality 6. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. Washington DC: IOS Press; Report No: 50. 1998.

(28) National Library of Medicine. 2001. Available from URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubsfactsheets/visiblehuman.html.

(29) UC Berkeley VESTA Lab Project. Available from URL: http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/medical/ 2001.

(30) Driscoll M. Selecting the most appropriate WBT method. Web Based Training. 1 ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pfeiffer; p. 47-70. 1998.

(31) Bloom BS et al. Handbook on formative and summative evaluation of student learning. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1971.

(32) Spencer CF. Teaching and Measuring Surgical Techniques - The Technical Evaluation of Competence. Bulletin American College of Surgeons 63, 9-12. 1978.

(33) Kopta JA. An Approach to the Evaluation of Operative Skills Surgery. Am J Surg 70, 297-303. 1971.

(34) Smith R. Regulations of Doctors and the Bristol Enquiry. Need to be both Credible to both Public and Doctors. BMJ [317], 1539-1540. 1998.

(35) Bunker T.D. Shoulder Arthroscopy. In: Wallace W.A., editor. London: Dunitz; 1991. p. 9-23.

(36) Grange S., Bunker T., Cooper J. Networking virtual reality for shoulder arthroscopy. British Journal of Healthcare Computing 13[10], 26-28. 1996.

(37) Ota D., Loftin B., Saito T., Lea R., Keller J. Virtual reality in surgical education. Computers in Biology and Medicine 1995; 2(25):127-37.

(38) Satava RM. Virtual reality surgical simulator. The first steps. Surgical Endoscopy 1993; 3 (7):203-5.

(39) BOA Education Committee. Guide to core education for higher surgical training in trauma and orthopaedic surgery. London: British Orthopaedic Association; 1999.

(40) Orlansky J, Dahlman CJ, Hammon CP, Metzko J, Taylor HL, Youngblut C. The value of simulation for training. IDA paper. 1994.

(41) Rheingold H. Virtual Reality. 2 ed. London: Mandarin; 1991.

(42) Grange S. Chappel D. Trusting Digital Surgical Technologies. St. Andrews, Scotland, Strategic Issues In Healthcare Management Conference; 2002.

(43) McCloy R., Wilson M. A new method for laparoscopic surgery training. British Journal of Healthcare Computing & Information Management 13[10], 29. 1996.

(44) McCloy R, Stone R. Science, medicine, and the future: Virtual reality in surgery. BMJ 2001 Oct 20; 323(7318):912-5.

(45) Dubois E, Chavanon O, Cinquin Ph, Troccaz J. Analytical approach for the design of the surgeon's interaction with a computer assisted surgery system. Grenoble: Surgetica; 2002 p. 211-6.

(46) Raimbault M, Jannin P. Modeles de procedures chirurgicales pour la neurolochirurgie guidee par l'image. Grenoble: Surgetica; 2002 p. 2 17-23.

(47) Wargo M et al. Human Operator Response, Speed, Frequency and Flexibility. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Report No.: NASA CR/874. 1987.

(48) Hartman BO. Psychology of Aerospace Medicine. In: Randall HW, editor. Aerospace Medicine. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1971.

(49) Coloughoun W. Variations in Mental Efficiency. Biological Rhythm and Human Performance. Academic Press; 1971. p. 39-107.

(50) Markes T et al. Intuitive Frequency Judgements as a Function of Higher Exceptions. Rice University: 70-76, 2001. http://cohesion.rice.edu/engineering/computerscience/tr/

(51) Goode AW. The Clinical Link in Surgical Competence. Challenges of Assessment in Training and Practice. London: Royal College of Surgeons of England; 1999.

(52) Phipps N, Gordon R, Wilkinson R. Dir; Thomas R. Doctor in the house. Rank 1954

(53) Mc Cloy R, Stone R. Science, medicine, and the future: Virtual reality in surgery. BMJ 2001 Oct 20; 323 (7318):912-5.

(54) Seymour NEM, Gallagher AGP, Roman SAM, O'Brien MKM, Bansal VKM, Andersen DKM, et al. Virtual Reality Training Improves Operating Room Performance: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blinded Study. Annals of Surgery 236[4], 45 8-464. 2002.

(55) N.Eldredge SJG. "Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism i. Models in Paleobiology. 2 ed. Princeton, N.J.: p. 82-115. 1985.

(56) S Grange. DRJ record of InSim3 trial. [Secure access required] http://www.voeu.ecs.soton.ac.uk/voeu/trials/cases.aspx?trial=55 2002.

(57) Ota D, Loftin B, Saito T, Lea R, Keller J. Virtual Reality in Surgical Education. Computers in Biology and Medicine 2[special], 127-137. 1994.

(58) Grange S et al. ICT Skills for Healthcare Professionals. Southampton University Press 2002.

(59) Grange S, Power G, Wills G, Bailey, Miles-Board T, Carr L, Hall W. Building a Virtual University into the Operating Theatre, Early Experiences of Implementation: p.56-63. VRIC; France 2004.

(60) Grange S. The AIPES scoring system for evaluation of surgical simulator performance: p.64-71.VRIC; France 2004.

(61) Bunker T.D., Schranz P.S. The art of diagnosis in the mystery shoulder. Clinical Challenges in Orthopaedics: The shoulder. 1st ed. Oxford: ISIS Medical Media; p.1-23. 1998.

(62) Cooper J., Ford L., Watson G. A Training potential for Non-invasive surgery. ftp://ftp.dcs.ex.ac.uk/pub/usr/lindsey/garth.ps.z, p.1-21. 1995.

(63) Philip Weaver, Nicholas Lambrou, Matthew Walkley. Practical SSADM. 2 ed. London: FT Pitman Publishing; 1998.

(64) Grange S, Bunker T, Cooper J. Virtual Reality, A training World for Shoulder Arthroscopy. UKVRSIG Conference Proceedings; Brunel University: Brunel University; 1997 p.159-68.

(65) Grange S, Bunker T. Surgery In The Digital Era. eBMJ [2nd November 2001]. 2001.

(66) Grange S., Bunker T. Surgical simulation using VR Technology The Current Issues. Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England [6], p.24-30 1998.

(67) Johnsen EG, Corliss WR. Human Factors Applications in Teleoperator Design and Operation. 1 ed. London: Wiley & Sons; p. 1-8. 1971.

(68) Witten WI. et al. Managing Complexity in a Distributed Digital Library. Computer 32[2], 74-79. 1999.

(69) Visarius H, Berlemann U. Concept and Clinical Aspects of Computer Assisted Spine Surgery. CAOS Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery 1996.

(70) Nolte L-P, Berlemann U, Langlotz F, Wang Q, Jiang Z, Zamorano L. Image-Guided Insertion of Transpedicular Screws - A Laboratory Set-Up. Spine 1 995; 20 (4):497-500.

(71) Schwarzenbach O, Berlemann U. Jost B. Visarius H, Arm E, Langlotz F. The Accuracy of Computer Assisted Pedicle Screw Placement - An In Vivo CT Analysis. Spine. 1997.

(72) Grange S, Cooper J, Bunker T. Electro-optical Vs Electromagnetic Tracking Systems in Surgical Simulation. 1, 1-14. 2002. University Of Exeter, Department Of Computer Science.

(73) Brett PN. Touch Sensation in Minimal Access Surgery. Biomedical Engineering Research Institute 2004 Available from: URL: http://www.mee.aston.ac.uk/research/medical/touchmat.html

(74) Brett PN, Parkers TJ, Harrison AJ, Thomas TA, Carr A. Simulation of resistance forces acting on surgical needles. Proc Instn Mech Engrs 211 [H], 335-347. 1997.

(75) Zeltzer D. Autonomy, Interaction and presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 1, 127-132. 1992.

(76) Newbel D. Guidelines for the Development of Effective and Efficient Procedures for the Assessment of Clinical Competence. Certification and Re-certification of Doctors: Issues in the Assessment of Clinical Competence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994. p. 69-91.

(77) Brusilovsky P et al. Adaptive Hypertext and Hypermedia. Adaptive Hypertext and Hypermedia. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998.

(78) Southgate L, Jolly B., Bowmer I, Newble D, Norcini J. Determining the content of recertification procedures. In: Newble D, Jolly B., Wakeford R., editors. The Certification and Recertification of Doctors: Issues in the Assessment of Clinical Competence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994. p. 178-86.

(79) Van der Vlueten C et al. Methods of Assessing and Certification. In: The Certification and Re-certification of Doctors: Issues in the Assessment of Clinical Competence. Newbel DJ, editor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994. p.115-25.

(80) Poloniechi J. Half of All Doctors are Below Average. BMJ 316, 1734-1735. 2001.

(81) Poloniecki J, Valencia O, Littlejohns P. Cumulative risk adjusted mortality chart for detecting changes in death rate: observational study of heart surgery. BMJ [316], 1697-1700. 1998.

(82) Klein R. Competence, Professional Self Regulation and the Public Interest. BMJ 316, 1740-1742. 1998.

(83) Campbell MJ. Models, Test and Data. Statistics at square two. London: BMJ Books; p.1-10. 2001.

(84) Castle WM. Fairness in sampling: how to be on target. Statistics in small doses. London: Pearson Professional Limited; p. 85-98. 1995.

(85) Nolte LP, Zamorano L, Visarius H, Berlemann U, Langlotz F, Arm E, et al. Clinical Evaluation of a System for Precision Enhancement in Spine Surgery. Clinical Biomechanics 1, 0(6):293-303. 1995.

(86) Grange S. Bunker T, Cooper J. Networking virtual reality for shoulder arthroscopy. British Journal of Healthcare Computing 13(10): p.26-8. 1996.

(87) Lengyel J. The Convergence of Graphics and Vision. Computer 31[7], p.46-53. 1998.

(88) Mayer RE. Multimedia Principle. Multimedia Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; [1] p.63-80. 2001.

(89) Albanese M. Problem-based learning: why curricula are likely to show little effect on knowledge and clinical skills. Medical Education; (34):729-38. 2000.

(90) Grange S. The AIPES scoring system for evaluation of surgical simulator performance. p. 64-71. VRIC; France 2004.

(91) Mc Cloy R, Stone R. Science, medicine, and the future: Virtual reality in surgery. BMJ 2001 Oct 20; 323 (7318):912-5.

(92) González MA, Ballester AZ. Combined Statistical and Geometrical 3D Segmentation and Measurement of Brain Structures. Proc. IEEE Workshop on Biomedical Image Analysis; Santa Barbara, Ca: IEEE Computer Society; 1998.

(93) Marias K, et al. "Registration and matching of temporal mammograms for detecting abnormalities": Medical Image Understanding and Analysis (MIUA) '99; 1999.

(94) Ota D., Loftin B., Saito T., Lea R., Keller J. Virtual reality in surgical education. Computers in Biology and Medicine 1995; 2 (25):127-37.

(95) Paulo Dario. VOEU Simulation Standards Outline. Personal Communication 2000.

(96) Grange S, Power G, Wills G, Bailey, Miles-Board T, Carr L, Hall W. . Virtual Orthopaedic European University. IAM Group University of Southampton 2002 Available from: URL: http://voeu.ecs.soton.ac.uk

(97) Lowe D. Hypermedia and the Web - An engineering Approach. London: John Wileys & Sons; 1999.

(98) Hall W et al. Rethinking Hypermedia The Microcosm Approach .Dordrecht, Netherland, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.

(99) Collins AB et al. Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the Craft of Reading, Writing & Mathematics. In: L.B.Resnick, editor. Knowing, Learning and Instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaser .Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.; 1989.

(100) Nkanginieme KEO. Clinical Diagnosis as a Dynamic Cognitive Process: Application of Bloom's Taxonomy for Educational Objectives in the Cognitive Domain. Med Educ Online 1997; 2(1) Available from: URL: http://www.med-edonline.org/issue2.htm#v2

(101) Research Committee. The Opportunities for Virtual Reality in Simulation. London: The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 2001.

(102) Heilig M, inventor; Sensorama. US patent 050, 870. 1962.

(103) Rubino F, Soler L, Marescaux J, Maisonneuve H. Advances in virtual reality are wide ranging BMJ, Mar 2002; 324: 612 ; doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7337.612

(104) Satava RM. Medicine 2001: The King is Dead in: Interactive Technology and the New Paradigm for Health Care. Washington DC: IOS Press; (7) 112-132, 1995.

(105) Satava RM. Virtual reality surgical simulator. The first steps. Surgical Endoscopy 1993; 3 (7):203-5.

(106) Satava RM. Medical applications of virtual reality. Journal of Medical Systems 1 995; 3 (19):275-80. 2001

(107) Satava RM. Emerging medical applications of virtual reality: a surgeon's perspective. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 1 996; 4 (6) :281-8.

(108) T.Bray et al. Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0. W3 org; 2, 2000

(109) Organisation. Pub Med. National Institute for Health 2004 Available from: URL: www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov

(110) Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. Dublin Core Committee 2004 Available from: URL: http://dublincore.org/documents/decs

(111) Wactlar H.D. et al. Lessons Learned from Building a Terabyte Digital Video Server. Computer 32[2], 66-73. 1999.

(112) S Grange, J Cooper, Bunker T. Exeter Virtual Worlds Shoulder Arthroscopy Simulator. UKVRSIG; London: Brunel Univ Press; 1997.

(113) Hazemi R et al. Reinventing the Academy. In: Wilbur S HRHS, editor. The Digital University. London: Springer; p. 7-24. 1998.

(114) Brousseau. Theory of Didactical Situations in Mathematics. Dordrecht; 1997.

(115) Krishna et al. The myGrid Notification Service. Nottingham, UK 2003 p.475-82.

(116) Grange S, Jones G, Bunker T. Using Java to Embed Complex Simulation Media into Surgical Training Environments. ISSN 0-7803-6449-X; IEEE EMBS International Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine; p.190-6. 2000.

(117) Technical Committee JTC 1/SC34. Hypertext Markup Language. 2000.

(118) David De Roure. Worldwide Universities Network Grid. University of Southampton 2004. Available from: URL: http://wungrid.org

(119) VOEU Consortium. Virtual Orthopaedic European University. IST-13079-1999. European Commission DGXIII 2001.

(120) Holler E. Evolving the ESSENTIAL Project. Personal Communication; Grange S, 1998.

(121) Brett PN. Essential Project proposal. Personal Communication; Grange S, 1998.

(122) David T et al. Problem Based Learning in Medicine. 1 London: RSM Press; 1999.

(123) Piaget J. The construction of reality in the child. New York, Basic Books; 1954.

(124) Papert S. Mindstorm. New York: Basic books; 1980.

(125) Wenger E. Communities of practice - learning, meaning and identity. Cambidge: Cambridge University Press; 1998.

(126) Suchman L. Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human/Machine Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988.

(127) Brown J, Ceal C, Conole G. Situated learning and the culture of learning Educational Researcher; 18(1):32-42. 1989.

(128) Lave EW. Situated Learning: Legitimate Periperal Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990.

(129) Engestrom Y. Perspectives on activity theory. Learning in doing: social, cognitive and computational perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999.

(130) Conole G, Ceal C. A toolkit for supporting evaluation. ALT-J 9[1], 38-49. 2001.

(131) JCHST training committee. Trauma and Orthopaedic Guidance Notes. Joint Committee for Higher Surgical Training 2004 Available from: URL: www.jchst.org/pdf/ortho_ccst_information_sheet.pdf

(132) RCS Fellows. Which of the following are you? The Royal College of Surgeons of England 2004. Available from: URL: www.rcesng.ac.uk/surgical/training

(133) Rossi Mori A, Gangemi A, Steve G. An ontological analysis of surgical deeds. AIME97 p1-11, 1997.

(134) Duchastel P. "Formal and Informal learning with hypermedia". In: D.H.Jonassen and H.Mandl, editor. Designing Hypermedia for Learning. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag; 1989.

(135) G Power, Hall W, Wills G. Realism & Naturalness in a conversational multimodal interface. International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) Tutorial and Research Workshop on Dialogue in Mobile Environments; Germany: Kloster Isree; 2002.

(136) Hart SG, Staveland LE. Development of the NASA TLS: results of empirical and theoretical workload. In: Hancock PA., Meshkayi N., editors. Human Mental Workload. 1 ed. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1988.

(137) Barfield W., Furness T. Introduction to Virtual Environments. Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1995. p. 3-14.

(138) Grange S., Cooper J., Ponty Y., Bunker T. Comparison of an Electro-optical versus an Electro-magnetic guidance system in the preparation of a Multi-dimensional (6dof) video recorded Minimal Access Surgical environments. University of Exeter; Internal Report No: 386. 1998.

(139) Preece J. What is HCI? Human-Computer interaction. 1[1], 3-27. Harlow, Addison-Wesley. 1998.

(140) Ellison RJ, Fisher DA, Linger RC, Lipson HF, Longstaff TA, Mead NA Survivability: Protecting your critical systems. IEEE Internet Computing 3[6], 55-63. 1999.

(141) SSADM User's Group. SSADM and GUI Design: A Project manager's Guide. 1 ed. London: HMSO; 1994.

(142) Gould J, Dall LC. Designing for usability - key principles and what designers think of them. ACM 28[3], 300-3 11. 1985.

(143) Linda Harasim. A Framework for Online Learning: The Virtual-U. Computer 2004; 32(9):44-9.

(144) Schatz B. CH. Digital Libraries: Technological Advances and Social Impacts. Computer 1999; 82(2):45-50.

(145) IMS Content Information Model. http://www.imsproject.org/content/packaging/cpinfo10.html. 2001.

(146) Gonczi A. Competency Based Assessment in the Professions in Australia. Assessment in Education 1, 27-44. 1994.

(147) Grant J. Review of the effectiveness of CME. In CME - making sure it works. London: www.open.gos.uk/doh/meconf.htm; 1998.

(148) Wills G, Miles-Board T, Bailey C, Carr L, Power G, Hall W, Grange S. The Dynamic Review Journal: a scholarly archive. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia 11 [1], 69-89. 2005.

(149) Dumas JS, Redish JC. A Practical Guide to Usability Testing. 1 ed. Portland, OR, Intellect Books; 1999.

(150) Bunker T, Wallace A. Shoulder Arthroscopy. Shoulder Arthroscopy. 1 ed. London: Dunnitz; 1991.

(151) Conole G, et al. A pedagogical framework for embedding C and IT into the curriculum. ALT-J 1998; 6 (2):4-16.

(152) William Hersh. The telemedicine curriculum. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2004; 9(6):353-4.

(153) Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. Dublin Core Committee 2004. Available from: URL: http://dublincore.orgdocuments/decs

(154) IMS Content Information Model: IMS Project; 2001. Available at URL: http://www.imsproject.org/content/packaging/cpinfo10.html

(155) Dearing R. The Dearing Report. London: National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education [NCIHE]; 1997.

(156) University of California Digital Library. UCSD 2004Available from: URL: http://www.cdlib.org/about/faq/

(157) Zhang A., Chang W., Sheikholeslami G., Syeda-Mahmood T. Netview: Integrating Large-Scale Distributed Visual Databases. IEEE Multimedia 5[3], 47-59. 1998.

(158) Jin Jin Zheng, Jian J Zhang. Texture Mapping on Irregular Topology Surface. London: Information Visualisation 02; 2002 p. 323-30.

(159) PACS Systems. GE Medical 2003Available from: URL: http://www.gemedicalsystems.com/caen/it_solutions/rad_pacs/education/pac_ed_index.html

(160) Jolly B et al. The reproducibility of assessing radiological reporting: studies from the development of the General Medical Council's Performance Procedures. Med Educ. 35 [supp 1], 36-44. 2001.

(161) Taffinder N, Smith S, Jansen J, Ardehali B, Russell R, Darzi A. Objective measurement of surgical dexterity - validation of the Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device (ICSAD). Minimally Invasive Therapy and Allied Techniques 7 [supp 1], 11. 1998.

(162) Spencer F. Teaching and measuring surgical techniques: the technical evaluation of competence. Bull Amer Coll Surg [63], 9-12. 1978.

(163) Galasko CSB. Assessment of Professional, Clinical and Surgical Skills in the Workplace, Surgical Competence. 1999.

(164) National Electronic Library for Health. More information regarding this resource can be found URL; http://www.nelh.nhs.uk/

(165) Information concerning this project is available from URL: http://www.equator.ecs.soton.ac.uk/projects/

Corrections

ECS staff and postgraduates may modify this record

  Welcome from Deputy Head of School (Research) Research Prospectus Industrial Partnerships New Research Students Notes for Guidance New Research Students Notes for Guidance
The ECS EPrints Repository supports OAI 2.0 with a base URL of http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/oai2

EPrints is free software developed by the University of Southampton to facilitate Open Access to research.
EPrints