An autonomous multi-sensor subglacial probe: Design and preliminary results from Briksdalsbreen, Norway

Alley, R.B., Blankenship, D.D., Bentley, C.R. and Rooney, S.T. (1986) Deformation of till beneath ice stream B, West Antarctica. Nature, 322, 57–59.

Benn, D.I. (1994) Fluted moraine formation and till genesis below a temperate valley glacier: Slettmarkbreen, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Sedimentology, 41, 279–292.

Benn, D.I. (1995) Fabric signature of subglacial till deformation, Breiamerkurjökull, Iceland. Sedimentology, 42, 735–747.

Benn, D.I. and Ballantyne, C.K. (1993) The description and representation of particle shape. Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 18, 665–672.

Benn, D.I. and Evans, D.J.A. (1996) The interpretation and classification of subglacially-deformed materials. Quatern. Sci. Rev., 15, 23–52.

Blake, E.W., Clarke, G.K.C. and Gerrin, M.C. (1992) Tools for examining subglacial bed deformation. J. Glaciol., 38, 388–396.

Blott, S.J. and Pye, K. (2001) GRADISTAT: a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments. Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 26, 1237–1248.

Boulton, G.S. (1976) The origin of glacially fluted surfaces: observations and theory. J. Glaciol., 17, 287–309.

Boulton, G.S. (1978) Boulder shapes and grain-size distributions of debris as indicators of transport paths through a glacier and till genesis. Sedimentology, 25, 15–38.

Boulton, G.S. and Jones, A.S. (1979) Stability of temperate ice caps and ice sheets resting on beds of deformable sediment. J. Glaciol., 24, 29–44.

Boulton, G.S., Dobbie, K.E. and Zatsepin, S. (2001) Sediment deformation beneath glaciers and its coupling to the subglacial hydraulic system. Quatern. Int., 86, 3–28.

Carr, S. and Lee, J.A. (1998) Thin-section production of diamicts: problems and solutions. J. Sed. Res., 68, 217–221.

Cuffey, K. and Alley, R.B. (1996) Is erosion by deforming subglacial sediments significant? (Towards till continuity). Ann. Glaciol., 22, 17–24.

Cupitt, J. and Martinez, K. (1996) VIPS: an image processing system for large images. Conf. Proc. SPIE, 1663, 19–28.

Dowdeswell, J.A. and Sharp, M. (1986) Characterisation of pebble fabrics in modern terrestrial glacigenic sediments. Sedimentology, 33, 699–710.

Elvehøy, H. (2001) Briksdalsbreen. In: Glaciological Investigations in Norway in 2000 (Ed. B. Kjøllmoen), Norwegian Water Res. Energy Direct. Rep., 2, 26–30.

Evans, D.J.A., Owen, L.A. and Roberts, D. (1995) Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Dimlington stadial glacial deposits, East Yorkshire. J. Quatern. Sci., 10, 241–265.

Folk, R.L. and Ward, W.C. (1957) Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. J. Sed. Petrol., 27, 3–26.

Gjessing, J. (1965) On 'plastic scouring' and 'subglacial erosion'. Norsk. Geogr. Tiddskr., 20, 1–37.

Glen, J.W., Donner, J.J. and West, R.G. (1957) On the mechanism by which stones in till become orientated. Am. J. Sci., 255, 194–205.

Harrison, P.W. (1957) New technique for three-dimensional fabric analysis of till and englacial debris containing particles from 3 to 40 mm in size. J. Geol., 65, 98–105.

Hart, J.K. (1994) Till fabric associated with deformable beds. Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 19, 15–32.

Hart, J.K. (1995) An investigation of the deforming layer/debris-rich ice continuum, illustrated from three Alaskan glaciers. J. Glaciol., 41, 619–633.

Hart, J.K. and Boulton, G.S. (1991) The interrelationship between glaciotectonic deformation and glaciodeposition. Quatern. Sci. Rev., 10, 335–350.

Hart, J.K. and Rose, J. (2001) Approaches to the study of glacier bed deformation. Quatern. Int., 86, 45–58.

Hart, J.K. and Smith, B. (1997) Subglacial deformation associated with fast ice flow, from Columbia Glacier, Alaska. Sed. Geol., 111, 177–197.

Hart, J.K., Khatwa, A. and Sammonds, P. (2004) The effect of grain texture on the occurrence of microstructural properties in subglacial till. Quatern. Sci. Rev., 23, 2501–2512.

Helland, P.E. and Holmes, M.A. (1997) Surface textural analysis of quartz sand grains from ODP Site 918 off the southeast coast of Greenland suggests glaciation of southern Greenland at 11 Ma. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 135, 109–121.

Hiemstra, J.F. and Rijsdijk, K.F. (2003) Observing artificially induced strain: implications for subglacial deformation. J. Quatern. Sci., 18, 373–383.

Hindmarsh, R.C.A. (1996) Sliding of till over bedrock: scratching, polishing, comminution and kinematic wave theory. Ann. Glaciol., 22, 41–47.

van Hoesen, J.G. and Orndorff, R.L. (2004) A comparative SEM study on the micromorphology of glacial and nonglacial clasts with varying age and lithology. Can. J. Earth Sci., 41, 1123–1139.

Jeffrey, G.B. (1922) The motion of ellipsoidal particles immersed in a viscous fluid. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A, 102, 161–179.

Jones, P.D., Jonsson, T. and Wheeler, D. (1997) Extension to the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and south-west Iceland. Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1433–1450.

Khatwa, A. and Tulaczyk, S. (2001) Microstructural interpretations of modern and Pleistocene subglacially deformed sediments: the relative role of parent material and subglacial processes. J. Quatern. Sci., 16, 507–517.

Krinsley, D.H. (1980) Scanning electron microscope examination of quartz sand grain micro textures. Kwart. Geol., 24, 217–232.

Krinsley, D.H. and Doornkamp, J.C. (1973) Atlas of Quartz Sand Surface Textures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 91 pp.

Mahaney, W.C. (1990) Glacially-crushed quartz grains in late Quaternary deposits in the Virunga Mountains, Rwanda – indicators of wind transport from the north. Boreas, 19, 81–84.

Mahaney, W.C. (2002) Atlas of Sand Grain Surface Textures and Applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 237 pp.

Mahaney, W.C., Vortisch, W. and Julig, P. (1988) Relative differences between glacially crushed quartz transported by mountain and continental ice – some examples from North America and East Africa. Am. J. Sci., 288, 810–826.

Mahaney, W.C., Claridge, G. and Campbell, I. (1996) Microtextures on quartz grains in tills from Antartica. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 121, 89–103.

Margolis, S.V. and Kennet, J.P. (1971), Cenozoic paleoglacial history of Antarctica recorded in subantarctic deep-sea cores. Am. J. Sci., 271, 1–36.

Margolis, S.V. and Krinsley, D.H. (1974) Processes of formation and environmental occurrence of microfeatures on detritus quartz grains. Am. J. Sci., 274, 449–464.

Martinez, K., Hart, J.K. and Ong, R. (2004) Environmental Sensor Networks. Computer, 37, 50–56.

van der Meer, J.J.M. (1993) Microscopic evidence of subglacial deformation. Quatern. Sci. Rev., 12, 553–587.

• van der Meer, J.J.M. (1997) Particle and aggregate mobility in till: microscopic evidence of subglacial processes. Quatern. Sci. Rev., 16, 827–831.

• van der Meer, J.J.M., Menzies, J. and Rose, J. (2003) Subglacial till: the deforming glacier bed. Quatern. Sci. Rev., 22, 1659–1685.

• Menzies, J. (2000) Micromorphological analyses of microfabrics and microstructures indicative of deformation processes in glacial sediments. In: Deformation of Glacial Materials (Eds A.J. Maltman, B. Hubbard, and M.J. Hambrey), Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 176, 245–258.

• Menzies, J. and Maltman, A.J. (1992) Microstructures in diamictons – evidence of subglacial bed conditions. Geomorphology, 6, 27–40.

• Murray, T. (1997) Assessing the paradigm shift: deformable glacier beds. Quatern. Sci. Rev., 16, 995–1016.

• Nesje, A., Lie, Ø. and Dahl, S.O. (2000) Is the North Atlantic Oscillation reflected in Scandinavian glacier mass balance records? J. Quatern. Sci., 15, 587–601.

• Oerlemans, J. (2000) Holocene glacier fluctuations: is the current rate of retreat exceptional? Annu. Glaciol., 31, 39–44.

• Owen, L.A. and Derbyshire, E. (1989) The Karakoram glacial depositional system. Z. Geomorphol., 76, 33–73.

• Passchier, S., Uscinowicz, S. and Laban, C. (1997) Sediment supply and transport directions in the Gulf of Gdansk as observed from SEM analysis of quartz grain surface textures. Prace Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 158, 1–27.

• Powers, M.C. (1953) A new roundness scale for sedimentary particles. J. Sed. Petrol., 23, 117–119.

• Rose, J. (1987) Drumlins as part of a glacier bedform continuum. In: Drumlin Symposium (Eds J. Menzies and J. Rose), pp. 103–116. Balkema, Rotterdam.

• Rose, J. (1989) Glacier stress patterns and sediment transfer associated with the formation of superimposed flutes. Sed. Geol., 62, 151–176.

• Rusnak, G.A. (1957) A fabric and petrological study of the Pleasantview Sandstone. J. Sed. Petrol., 27, 41–55.

• Sharp, M. (1982) Modification of clasts in lodgement tills by glacial erosion. J. Glaciol., 28, 475–481.

• Smalley, I.J. (1966) The properties of glacial loess and the formation of loess deposits. J. Sed. Petrol., 36, 669–676.

• Strand, K., Passchier, S. and Näsi, J. (2003) Implication of quartz grain microtextures for onset eocene/oligocene glaciation in Prydz Bay, OD Site 1166, Antarctica. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 198, 101–111.

• Whalley, W.B. (1978) An SEM examination of quartz grains from sub-glacial and associated environments and some methods for their characterization. Scan. Electron Miscrosc., 1, 353–360.

• Whalley, W.B. and Krinsley, D.H. (1974) Scanning electron microscope study of surface textures of quartz grains from Camp Century Core, Greenland – a preliminary study. J. Glaciol., 25, 125–132.

• Winkler, S. (1996) Front variations of outlet glaciers from Jostedalsbreen, western Norway, during the twentieth century. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Bulletin, 431, 33–47.

• Winkler, S. and Nesje, A. (1999) Moraine formation at an advancing temperate Glacier: Brigsdalsbreen, Western Norway. Geografiska Annaler, 81A, 17–30.